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techtalk:ref:svcproc26 [2020/03/04 05:59] hippysmack [Thunderstorm Heads] |
techtalk:ref:svcproc26 [2024/01/22 21:42] (current) hippysmack |
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| The squish (AKA "quench") band refers to the area or areas, \\ where the piston comes very close to the cylinder head while passing through top dead center (TDC). ((http://www.hammerperf.com/ttcheckingsquish.shtml)) \\ | The squish (AKA "quench") band refers to the area or areas, \\ where the piston comes very close to the cylinder head while passing through top dead center (TDC). ((http://www.hammerperf.com/ttcheckingsquish.shtml)) \\ | ||
| - | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_3_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&400|}} ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1720575)) {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_by_aswracing.gif?direct&250|}} ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=715370)) \\ | + | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_3_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&400|}} ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/160330-squish-band-clearance?t=1720575)) {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_by_aswracing.gif?direct&250|}} ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/89229-conversion-using-used-parts-where-to-go-from-here?t=715370)) \\ |
| Even though the fire has already been lit, these areas still contain unburned air/fuel mix as the piston arrives. \\ | Even though the fire has already been lit, these areas still contain unburned air/fuel mix as the piston arrives. \\ | ||
| The piston sandwiches the air/fuel up next to the head, causing it to "squish", and shoot out toward the flame front. \\ | The piston sandwiches the air/fuel up next to the head, causing it to "squish", and shoot out toward the flame front. \\ | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
| ====== Measuring the Squish Band ====== | ====== Measuring the Squish Band ====== | ||
| ===== Indirect Method ===== | ===== Indirect Method ===== | ||
| - | |||
| You can use a piston height gauge to measure how far above or below the cylinder deck the piston is sitting at TDC. \\ | You can use a piston height gauge to measure how far above or below the cylinder deck the piston is sitting at TDC. \\ | ||
| Then add that measurement to the gasket thickness. \\ | Then add that measurement to the gasket thickness. \\ | ||
| Line 30: | Line 29: | ||
| {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:1200-1250_squish_band_measurement_by_hippysmack.jpg?direct&400|}} ((drawing by Hippysmack)) | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:1200-1250_squish_band_measurement_by_hippysmack.jpg?direct&400|}} ((drawing by Hippysmack)) | ||
| + | |||
| ===== Direct Method ===== | ===== Direct Method ===== | ||
| - | |||
| You'll be placing some soft material, such as .065" solder, onto the squish band area of the piston. \\ | You'll be placing some soft material, such as .065" solder, onto the squish band area of the piston. \\ | ||
| (clay has been used for this also but it's not as accurate as using solder which won't change thickness) \\ | (clay has been used for this also but it's not as accurate as using solder which won't change thickness) \\ | ||
| Line 43: | Line 42: | ||
| * Write the measurements down to conclude and average the squish band dimension. | * Write the measurements down to conclude and average the squish band dimension. | ||
| - | | Solder held with grease. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1720575)) | Remove the heads to reveal how far the solder was compressed. ((photos by JohnK of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=3944070)) || | + | | Solder held with grease. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/160330-squish-band-clearance?t=1720575)) | Remove the heads to reveal how far the solder was compressed. ((photos by JohnK of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-motor-top-end/132786-fixing-a-leaky-top-end-with-pics/page6#post2887799)) || |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_1_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_1_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_2_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_1_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_1_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_2_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
| - | | Measure the compressed side of the solder pieces. ((photo by JohnK of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=3944070)) | Write the measurements down to conclude and average squish band dim. ((photos by JohnK of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=3944070)) || | + | | Measure the compressed side of the solder pieces. ((photo by JohnK of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-motor-top-end/132786-fixing-a-leaky-top-end-with-pics/page6#post2887799)) | Write the measurements down to conclude and average squish band dim. ((photos by JohnK of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-motor-top-end/132786-fixing-a-leaky-top-end-with-pics/page6#post2887799)) || |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_3_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_5_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_4_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_3_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_5_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:checking_squish_4_by_johnk.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
| + | |||
| ====== Gaining a Squish Band Due to a Conversion ====== | ====== Gaining a Squish Band Due to a Conversion ====== | ||
| **Converting an 883**: \\ | **Converting an 883**: \\ | ||
| - | An 883 head has a hemi chamber with no squish band but it's chamber is only 3" in diameter to match the 3" bore size of the 883. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1802811&page=3)) \\ | + | An 883 head has a hemi chamber with no squish band but it's chamber is only 3" in diameter to match the 3" bore size of the 883. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/167919-883-to-1200-1250-conversion/page3?t=1802811&page=3)) \\ |
| What's fundamentally wrong with the hemi design is that it gives very poor chamber turbulence. \\ | What's fundamentally wrong with the hemi design is that it gives very poor chamber turbulence. \\ | ||
| Poor chamber turbulence means poor air/fuel mixing, resulting in pockets of fuel. \\ | Poor chamber turbulence means poor air/fuel mixing, resulting in pockets of fuel. \\ | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
| This is because you're now putting a 3-1/2" (1200) or 3-9/16" (1250) diameter piston under that hemi chamber. \\ | This is because you're now putting a 3-1/2" (1200) or 3-9/16" (1250) diameter piston under that hemi chamber. \\ | ||
| - | | 883 head on 883 cylinder (no squish). ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1802811&page=3)) | 883 head on 1200 or higher cylinder (squish gained) \\ Also 1200 head on 1250 or higher cylinder w flat top pistons ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1720575)) | | + | | 883 head on 883 cylinder (no squish). ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/167919-883-to-1200-1250-conversion/page3?t=1802811&page=3)) | 883 head on 1200 or higher cylinder (squish gained) \\ Also 1200 head on 1250 or higher cylinder w flat top pistons ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/160330-squish-band-clearance?t=1720575)) | |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_5_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_3_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_5_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_3_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
| Line 69: | Line 69: | ||
| **Converting a 1200**: \\ | **Converting a 1200**: \\ | ||
| - | |||
| ====== Machined Squish Band ====== | ====== Machined Squish Band ====== | ||
| Line 88: | Line 87: | ||
| Check with your engine builder / supplier for further assistance if you're looking for a complete performance package. \\ | Check with your engine builder / supplier for further assistance if you're looking for a complete performance package. \\ | ||
| - | | Piston and head with matched squish band. ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1802811&page=3)) | | + | | Piston and head with matched squish band. ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/167919-883-to-1200-1250-conversion/page3?t=1802811&page=3)) | |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_9_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_9_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
| ====== Reverse Dome ====== | ====== Reverse Dome ====== | ||
| - | |||
| A piston with a reverse dome has a dish in the middle of it. \\ | A piston with a reverse dome has a dish in the middle of it. \\ | ||
| That dish is needed because when doing a conversion, you've got a chamber that's sized for an 883 and a piston that's sized for a 1200 or 1250. \\ | That dish is needed because when doing a conversion, you've got a chamber that's sized for an 883 and a piston that's sized for a 1200 or 1250. \\ | ||
| Line 114: | Line 112: | ||
| By dishing the middle of the piston deeply as shown below, the CR can be used on street bikes. \\ | By dishing the middle of the piston deeply as shown below, the CR can be used on street bikes. \\ | ||
| - | | Reverse dome piston. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1802811&page=3)) | 30° Reverse dome piston. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1802811&page=3)) | Heads machined to match the pistons. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1802811&page=3)) | | + | | Reverse dome piston. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/167919-883-to-1200-1250-conversion/page3?t=1802811&page=3)) | 30° Reverse dome piston. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/167919-883-to-1200-1250-conversion/page3?t=1802811&page=3)) | Heads machined to match the pistons. ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/167919-883-to-1200-1250-conversion/page3?t=1802811&page=3)) | |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_6_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_7_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_8_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_6_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_7_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:squish_band_8_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
| ====== Lightning Heads ====== | ====== Lightning Heads ====== | ||
| - | + | 1200S heads and the older (pre-rubber mount) SE heads, 96-98 Buell S1 heads, 97 Buell S3 heads, 97-98 Buell M2 heads and Buell Blast heads are the same. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/89229-conversion-using-used-parts-where-to-go-from-here?t=715370)) \\ | |
| - | 1200S heads and the older (pre-rubber mount) SE heads, 96-98 Buell S1 heads, 97 Buell S3 heads, 97-98 Buell M2 heads and Buell Blast heads are the same. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=715370)) \\ | + | |
| These are what we call "Lightning" heads. \\ | These are what we call "Lightning" heads. \\ | ||
| 62cc chamber with a 10° cast in squish shelf, 1.715/1.480 valve sizes, the old low floor, squared off bowl ports like all the hemi heads etc. \\ | 62cc chamber with a 10° cast in squish shelf, 1.715/1.480 valve sizes, the old low floor, squared off bowl ports like all the hemi heads etc. \\ | ||
| Line 134: | Line 131: | ||
| ====== Thunderstorm Heads ====== | ====== Thunderstorm Heads ====== | ||
| - | |||
| Two years after the Lightning head, HD came out with the Thunderstorm head. \\ | Two years after the Lightning head, HD came out with the Thunderstorm head. \\ | ||
| In the Thunderstorm, they went back to 67cc , allowing them to unshroud the valves and a 15° cast in squish shelf. \\ | In the Thunderstorm, they went back to 67cc , allowing them to unshroud the valves and a 15° cast in squish shelf. \\ | ||
| Line 140: | Line 136: | ||
| They also improved the ports and went to larger valve sizes (1.810" / 1.575"). This setup is head and shoulders better than the Lightning setup. \\ | They also improved the ports and went to larger valve sizes (1.810" / 1.575"). This setup is head and shoulders better than the Lightning setup. \\ | ||
| - | The angled squish bands direct the fuel being squeezed out of the squish bands more directly at the flame front. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2206)) \\ | + | The angled squish bands direct the fuel being squeezed out of the squish bands more directly at the flame front. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/1572-questions-about-buell-upgrade?t=2206)) \\ |
| But the way it's done in the Thunderstorm, it's really rough. Since it's cast in, it's uneven. \\ | But the way it's done in the Thunderstorm, it's really rough. Since it's cast in, it's uneven. \\ | ||
| Typically from the factory the clearance is .050" or more, and that makes the squish band largely ineffective anyway. \\ | Typically from the factory the clearance is .050" or more, and that makes the squish band largely ineffective anyway. \\ | ||
| Line 156: | Line 152: | ||
| Anything higher than that and the dome goes past the squish band. \\ | Anything higher than that and the dome goes past the squish band. \\ | ||
| - | | Stock Thunderstorm Heads ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2206)) | Thunderstorms as Machined ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2206)) | | + | | Stock Thunderstorm Heads ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/1572-questions-about-buell-upgrade?t=2206)) | Thunderstorms as Machined ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/1572-questions-about-buell-upgrade?t=2206)) | |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:thunderstom_chamber_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:thunderstorm_as_machined_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:thunderstom_chamber_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:thunderstorm_as_machined_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
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| ====== Buell XB/04XL Heads ====== | ====== Buell XB/04XL Heads ====== | ||
| - | + | As delivered, they have flat squish bands with a 62cc chamber. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/1572-questions-about-buell-upgrade?t=2206)) \\ | |
| - | As delivered, they have flat squish bands with a 62cc chamber. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2206)) \\ | + | |
| This lets you toss them on over flat tops and have a squish band with lots of area and 10:1 compression. Not a bad way to do it. \\ | This lets you toss them on over flat tops and have a squish band with lots of area and 10:1 compression. Not a bad way to do it. \\ | ||
| If you want to angle it, it's not a problem, you've got lots of material to work with. \\ | If you want to angle it, it's not a problem, you've got lots of material to work with. \\ | ||
| Line 177: | Line 168: | ||
| The Thunderstorms were a major step forward from the Lightning/Screaming Eagle heads, but the XB/04 XL1200 heads are even better. \\ | The Thunderstorms were a major step forward from the Lightning/Screaming Eagle heads, but the XB/04 XL1200 heads are even better. \\ | ||
| - | | Stock Buell XB Heads ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2206)) | Machined XB Heads ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2206)) | | + | | Stock Buell XB Heads ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/1572-questions-about-buell-upgrade?t=2206)) | Machined XB Heads ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/1572-questions-about-buell-upgrade?t=2206)) | |
| |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:buell_xb_heads_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:buell_xb_heads_as_machined_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | |{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:buell_xb_heads_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:buell_xb_heads_as_machined_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}}| | ||
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| ====== Compression Ratio ====== | ====== Compression Ratio ====== | ||
| - | |||
| Since the beginning of the Sportster line, Harley Davidson has changed head gaskets as way of changing or adjusting compression ratio. \\ | Since the beginning of the Sportster line, Harley Davidson has changed head gaskets as way of changing or adjusting compression ratio. \\ | ||
| Some were lowered for gas mileage / EPA or raised for performance. \\ | Some were lowered for gas mileage / EPA or raised for performance. \\ | ||
| Line 192: | Line 177: | ||
| Then you can fine tune with gasket thickness. \\ | Then you can fine tune with gasket thickness. \\ | ||
| However; \\ | However; \\ | ||
| - | <blockquote>Three tenths of a point in compression isn't really worth your time to tear it down. What's more, just the tolerance is greater than that. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1230012)) \\ | + | <blockquote>Three tenths of a point in compression isn't really worth your time to tear it down. What's more, just the tolerance is greater than that. ((aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-motor-top-end/123881-bumping-stock-compression-to-10-0-1?t=1230012)) \\ |
| In other words it's entirely possible your motor is already 10:1 or higher and likewise it's possible it's already 9.4:1 or lower. \\ | In other words it's entirely possible your motor is already 10:1 or higher and likewise it's possible it's already 9.4:1 or lower. \\ | ||
| There's variation in every one of the dimensions and volumes that determines compression ratio. \\ | There's variation in every one of the dimensions and volumes that determines compression ratio. \\ | ||
| Line 226: | Line 211: | ||
| ====== Effects of Deck Height ====== | ====== Effects of Deck Height ====== | ||
| - | |||
| In general, deck height has nothing to do with the squish band. \\ | In general, deck height has nothing to do with the squish band. \\ | ||
| In the example below with a 3-9/16" bore and the chamber is about 3" in diameter. \\ | In the example below with a 3-9/16" bore and the chamber is about 3" in diameter. \\ | ||
| Line 237: | Line 221: | ||
| (or use a thinner base gasket which accomplishes the same thing) \\ | (or use a thinner base gasket which accomplishes the same thing) \\ | ||
| - | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:stock_883_chamber_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}} ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1720575)) {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:bathtub_squish_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&400|}} ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1720575)) \\ | + | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:stock_883_chamber_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}} ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/160330-squish-band-clearance?t=1720575)) {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:bathtub_squish_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&400|}} ((drawing by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/160330-squish-band-clearance?t=1720575)) \\ |
| \\ | \\ | ||
| Line 247: | Line 231: | ||
| So there are situations where decking does change the squish clearance and situations where it doesn't. \\ | So there are situations where decking does change the squish clearance and situations where it doesn't. \\ | ||
| - | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:stock_thunderstorm_chamber_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}} ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1720575)) \\ | + | {{:techtalk:ref:svcproc:stock_thunderstorm_chamber_by_aswracing.jpg?direct&300|}} ((photo by aswracing of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-motor-engine/sportster-motorcycle-engine-conversions/160330-squish-band-clearance?t=1720575)) \\ |
| - | + | ||
